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Automatic IDs, None Defaults, and Refreshing Data

In the previous chapter, we saw how to add rows to the database using SQLModel.

Now let's talk a bit about why the id field can't be NULL on the database because it's a primary key, and we declare it using Field(primary_key=True).

But the same id field actually can be None in the Python code, so we declare the type with int | None (or Optional[int]), and set the default value to Field(default=None):

# Code above omitted 👆

class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Next, I'll show you a bit more about the synchronization of data between the database and the Python code.

When do we get an actual int from the database in that id field? Let's see all that. 👇

Create a New Hero Instance

When we create a new Hero instance, we don't set the id:

# Code above omitted 👆

def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

How Optional Helps

Because we don't set the id, it takes the Python's default value of None that we set in Field(default=None).

This is the only reason why we define it with Optional and with a default value of None.

Because at this point in the code, before interacting with the database, the Python value could actually be None.

If we assumed that the id was always an int and added the type annotation without Optional, we could end up writing broken code, like:

next_hero_id = hero_1.id + 1

If we ran this code before saving the hero to the database and the hero_1.id was still None, we would get an error like:

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'NoneType' and 'int'

But by declaring it with Optional[int], the editor will help us to avoid writing broken code by showing us a warning telling us that the code could be invalid if hero_1.id is None. 🔍

We can confirm that by printing our heroes before adding them to the database:

# Code above omitted 👆

def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

That will output:

$ python app.py

// Output above omitted 👆

Before interacting with the database
Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None
Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None
Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48

Notice they all have id=None.

That's the default value we defined in the Hero model class.

What happens when we add these objects to the session?

Add the Objects to the Session

After we add the Hero instance objects to the session, the IDs are still None.

We can verify by creating a session using a with block and adding the objects. And then printing them again:

# Code above omitted 👆

def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

This will, again, output the ids of the objects as None:

$ python app.py

// Output above omitted 👆

After adding to the session
Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None
Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None
Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48

As we saw before, the session is smart and doesn't talk to the database every time we prepare something to be changed, only after we are ready and tell it to commit the changes it goes and sends all the SQL to the database to store the data.

Commit the Changes to the Database

Then we can commit the changes in the session, and print again:

# Code above omitted 👆

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

And now, something unexpected happens, look at the output, it seems as if the Hero instance objects had no data at all:

$ python app.py

// Output above omitted 👆

// Here the engine talks to the database, the SQL part
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00018s] ('Deadpond', 'Dive Wilson', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.0008968s ago] ('Spider-Boy', 'Pedro Parqueador', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001143s ago] ('Rusty-Man', 'Tommy Sharp', 48)
INFO Engine COMMIT

// And now our prints
After committing the session
Hero 1:
Hero 2:
Hero 3:

// What is happening here? 😱

What happens is that SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) is internally marking those objects as "expired", they don't have the latest version of their data. This is because we could have some fields updated in the database, for example, imagine a field updated_at: datetime that was automatically updated when we saved changes.

The same way, other values could have changed, so the option the session has to be sure and safe is to just internally mark the objects as expired.

And then, next time we access each attribute, for example with:

current_hero_name = hero_1.name

...SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) will make sure to contact the database and get the most recent version of the data, updating that field name in our object and then making it available for the rest of the Python expression. In the example above, at that point, Python would be able to continue executing and use that hero_1.name value (just updated) to put it in the variable current_hero_name.

All this happens automatically and behind the scenes. ✨

And here's the funny and strange thing with our example:

print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

We didn't access the object's attributes, like hero.name. We only accessed the entire object and printed it, so SQLAlchemy has no way of knowing that we want to access this object's data.

To confirm and understand how this automatic expiration and refresh of data when accessing attributes work, we can print some individual fields (instance attributes):

# Code above omitted 👆

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Now we are actually accessing the attributes, because instead of printing the whole object hero_1:

print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

...we are now printing the id attribute in hero.id:

print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)

By accessing the attribute, that triggers a lot of work done by SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) underneath to refresh the data from the database, set it in the object's id attribute, and make it available for the Python expression (in this case just to print it).

Let's see how it works:

$ python app.py

// Output above omitted 👆

// After committing, the objects are expired and have no values
After committing the session
Hero 1:
Hero 2:
Hero 3:

// Now we will access an attribute like the ID, this is the first print
After committing the session, show IDs

// Notice that before printing the first ID, the Session makes the Engine go to the database to refresh the data 🤓
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00017s] (1,)

// Here's our first print, now we have the database-generated ID
Hero 1 ID: 1

// Before the next print, refresh the data for the second object
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001245s ago] (2,)

// Here's our print for the second hero with its auto-generated ID
Hero 2 ID: 2

// Before the third print, refresh its data
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002215s ago] (3,)

// And here's our print for the third hero
Hero 3 ID: 3

// What if we print another attribute like the name?
After committing the session, show names
Hero 1 name: Deadpond
Hero 2 name: Spider-Boy
Hero 3 name: Rusty-Man

// Because the Session already refreshed these objects with all their data and the session knows they are not expired, it doesn't have to go again to the database for the names 🤓

Refresh Objects Explicitly

You just learnt how the session refreshes the data automatically behind the scenes, as a side effect, when you access an attribute.

But what if you want to explicitly refresh the data?

You can do that too with session.refresh(object):

# Code above omitted 👆

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

When Python executes this code:

session.refresh(hero_1)

...the session goes and makes the engine communicate with the database to get the recent data for this object hero_1, and then the session puts the data in the hero_1 object and marks it as "fresh" or "not expired".

Here's how the output would look like:

$ python app.py

// Output above omitted 👆

// The first refresh
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00024s] (1,)

// The second refresh
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001487s ago] (2,)

// The third refresh
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002377s ago] (3,)

// Now print the data, as it's already refreshed there's no need for the Session to go and refresh it again
After refreshing the heroes
Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'
Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'
Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

This could be useful, for example, if you are building a web API to create heroes. And once a hero is created with some data, you return it to the client.

You wouldn't want to return an object that looks empty because the automatic magic to refresh the data was not triggered.

In this case, after committing the object to the database with the session, you could refresh it, and then return it to the client. This would ensure that the object has its fresh data.

Now, as a final experiment, we can also print data after the session is closed.

There are no surprises here, it still works:

# Code above omitted 👆

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

# Code below omitted 👇
👀 Full file preview 
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
🤓 Other versions and variants 
from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)

    print("Before interacting with the database")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)

        print("After adding to the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        session.commit()

        print("After committing the session")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)

        print("After committing the session, show names")
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)

        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)
        session.refresh(hero_3)

        print("After refreshing the heroes")
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)

    print("After the session closes")
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

And the output shows again the same data:

$ python app.py

// Output above omitted 👆

// By finishing the with block, the Session is closed, including a rollback of any pending transaction that could have been there and was not committed
INFO Engine ROLLBACK

// Then we print the data, it works normally
After the session closes
Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'
Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'
Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

Review All the Code

Now let's review all this code once again.

Tip

Each one of the numbered bubbles shows what each line will print in the output.

And as we created the engine with echo=True, we can see the SQL statements being executed at each step.

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")  # (1)!
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")  # (2)!
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)  # (3)!

    print("Before interacting with the database")  # (4)!
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (5)!
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (6)!
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (7)!

    with Session(engine) as session:  # (8)!
        session.add(hero_1)  # (9)!
        session.add(hero_2)  # (10)!
        session.add(hero_3)  # (11)!

        print("After adding to the session")  # (12)!
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (13)!
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (14)!
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (15)!

        session.commit()  # (16)!

        print("After committing the session")  # (17)!
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (18)!
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (19)!
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (20)!

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")  # (21)!
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)  # (22)!
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)  # (23)!
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)  # (24)!

        print("After committing the session, show names")  # (25)!
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)  # (26)!
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)  # (27)!
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)  # (28)!

        session.refresh(hero_1)  # (29)!
        session.refresh(hero_2)  # (30)!
        session.refresh(hero_3)  # (31)!

        print("After refreshing the heroes")  # (32)!
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (33)!
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (34)!
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (35)!
    # (36)!

    print("After the session closes")  # (37)!
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (38)!
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (39)!
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (40)!


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

  1. Create the hero_1.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  2. Create the hero_2.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  3. Create the hero_3.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  4. Print the line "Before interacting with the database".

    Generates the output:

    Before interacting with the database

  5. Print the hero_1 before interacting with the database.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None

  6. Print the hero_2 before interacting with the database.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None

  7. Print the hero_3 before interacting with the database.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48

  8. Create the Session in a with block.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  9. Add the hero_1 to the session.

    This still doesn't save it to the database.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  10. Add the hero_2 to the session.

    This still doesn't save it to the database.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  11. Add the hero_3 to the session.

    This still doesn't save it to the database.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  12. Print the line "After adding to the session".

    Generates the output:

    After adding to the session

  13. Print the hero_1 after adding it to the session.

    It still has the same data as there hasn't been any interaction with the database yet. Notice that the id is still None.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None

  14. Print the hero_2 after adding it to the session.

    It still has the same data as there hasn't been any interaction with the database yet. Notice that the id is still None.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None

  15. Print the hero_3 after adding it to the session.

    It still has the same data as there hasn't been any interaction with the database yet. Notice that the id is still None.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48

  16. commit the session.

    This will save all the data to the database. The session will use the engine to run a lot of SQL.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00018s] ('Deadpond', 'Dive Wilson', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.0008968s ago] ('Spider-Boy', 'Pedro Parqueador', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001143s ago] ('Rusty-Man', 'Tommy Sharp', 48)
INFO Engine COMMIT

  17. Print the line "After committing the session".

    Generates the output:

    After committing the session

  18. Print the hero_1 after committing the session.

    The hero_1 is now internally marked as expired, and until it is refreshed, it looks like if it didn't contain any data.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1:

  19. Print the hero_2 after committing the session.

    The hero_2 is now internally marked as expired, and until it is refreshed, it looks like if it didn't contain any data.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2:

  20. Print the hero_3 after committing the session.

    The hero_3 is now internally marked as expired, and until it is refreshed, it looks like if it didn't contain any data.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3:

  21. Print the line "After committing the session, show IDs".

    Generates the output:

    After committing the session, show IDs

  22. Print the hero_1.id. A lot happens here.

    Because we are accessing the attribute id of hero_1, SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) can detect that we are trying to access data from the hero_1.

    It then detects that hero_1 is currently associated with a session (because we added it to the session and committed it), and it is marked as expired.

    Then with the session, it uses the engine to execute all the SQL to fetch the data for this object from the database.

    Next it updates the object with the new data and marks it internally as "fresh" or "not expired".

    Finally, it makes the ID value available for the rest of the Python expression. In this case, the Python expression just prints the ID.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00017s] (1,)

Hero 1 ID: 1

  23. Print the hero_2.id.

    A lot happens here, all the same stuff that happened at point 22, but for this hero_2 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001245s ago] (2,)

Hero 2 ID: 2

  24. Print the hero_3.id.

    A lot happens here, all the same stuff that happened at point 22, but for this hero_3 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002215s ago] (3,)


Hero 3 ID: 3

  25. Print the line "After committing the session, show names".

    Generates the output:

    After committing the session, show names

  26. Print the hero_1.name.

    Because hero_1 is still fresh, no additional data is fetched, no additional SQL is executed, and the name is available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1 name: Deadpond

  27. Print the hero_2.name.

    Because hero_2 is still fresh, no additional data is fetched, no additional SQL is executed, and the name is available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2 name: Spider-Boy

  28. Print the hero_3.name.

    Because hero_3 is still fresh, no additional data is fetched, no additional SQL is executed, and the name is available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3 name: Rusty-Man

  29. Explicitly refresh the hero_1 object.

    The session will use the engine to execute the SQL necessary to fetch fresh data from the database for the hero_1 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00024s] (1,)

  30. Explicitly refresh the hero_2 object.

    The session will use the engine to execute the SQL necessary to fetch fresh data from the database for the hero_2 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001487s ago] (2,)

  31. Explicitly refresh the hero_3 object.

    The session will use the engine to execute the SQL necessary to fetch fresh data from the database for the hero_3 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002377s ago] (3,)

  32. Print the line "After refreshing the heroes".

    Generates the output:

    After refreshing the heroes

  33. Print the hero_1.

    Info

    Even if the hero_1 wasn't fresh, this would not trigger a refresh making the session use the engine to fetch data from the database because it is not accessing an attribute.

    Because the hero_1 is fresh it has all it's data available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'

  34. Print the hero_2.

    Info

    Even if the hero_2 wasn't fresh, this would not trigger a refresh making the session use the engine to fetch data from the database because it is not accessing an attribute.

    Because the hero_2 is fresh it has all it's data available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'

  35. Print the hero_3.

    Info

    Even if the hero_3 wasn't fresh, this would not trigger a refresh making the session use the engine to fetch data from the database because it is not accessing an attribute.

    Because the hero_3 is fresh it has all it's data available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

  36. The with block ends here (there's no more indented code), so the session is closed, running all it's closing code.

    This includes doing a ROLLBACK of any possible transaction that could have been started.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine ROLLBACK

  37. Print the line "After the session closes".

    Generates the output:

    After the session closes

  38. Print the hero_1 after closing the session.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'

  39. Print the hero_2 after closing the session.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'

  40. Print the hero_3 after closing the session.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = None


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")  # (1)!
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")  # (2)!
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)  # (3)!

    print("Before interacting with the database")  # (4)!
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (5)!
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (6)!
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (7)!

    with Session(engine) as session:  # (8)!
        session.add(hero_1)  # (9)!
        session.add(hero_2)  # (10)!
        session.add(hero_3)  # (11)!

        print("After adding to the session")  # (12)!
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (13)!
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (14)!
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (15)!

        session.commit()  # (16)!

        print("After committing the session")  # (17)!
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (18)!
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (19)!
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (20)!

        print("After committing the session, show IDs")  # (21)!
        print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)  # (22)!
        print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)  # (23)!
        print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)  # (24)!

        print("After committing the session, show names")  # (25)!
        print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)  # (26)!
        print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)  # (27)!
        print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)  # (28)!

        session.refresh(hero_1)  # (29)!
        session.refresh(hero_2)  # (30)!
        session.refresh(hero_3)  # (31)!

        print("After refreshing the heroes")  # (32)!
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (33)!
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (34)!
        print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (35)!
    # (36)!

    print("After the session closes")  # (37)!
    print("Hero 1:", hero_1)  # (38)!
    print("Hero 2:", hero_2)  # (39)!
    print("Hero 3:", hero_3)  # (40)!


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

  1. Create the hero_1.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  2. Create the hero_2.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  3. Create the hero_3.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  4. Print the line "Before interacting with the database".

    Generates the output:

    Before interacting with the database

  5. Print the hero_1 before interacting with the database.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None

  6. Print the hero_2 before interacting with the database.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None

  7. Print the hero_3 before interacting with the database.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48

  8. Create the Session in a with block.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  9. Add the hero_1 to the session.

    This still doesn't save it to the database.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  10. Add the hero_2 to the session.

    This still doesn't save it to the database.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  11. Add the hero_3 to the session.

    This still doesn't save it to the database.

    Doesn't generate any output.

  12. Print the line "After adding to the session".

    Generates the output:

    After adding to the session

  13. Print the hero_1 after adding it to the session.

    It still has the same data as there hasn't been any interaction with the database yet. Notice that the id is still None.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None

  14. Print the hero_2 after adding it to the session.

    It still has the same data as there hasn't been any interaction with the database yet. Notice that the id is still None.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None

  15. Print the hero_3 after adding it to the session.

    It still has the same data as there hasn't been any interaction with the database yet. Notice that the id is still None.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48

  16. commit the session.

    This will save all the data to the database. The session will use the engine to run a lot of SQL.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00018s] ('Deadpond', 'Dive Wilson', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.0008968s ago] ('Spider-Boy', 'Pedro Parqueador', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001143s ago] ('Rusty-Man', 'Tommy Sharp', 48)
INFO Engine COMMIT

  17. Print the line "After committing the session".

    Generates the output:

    After committing the session

  18. Print the hero_1 after committing the session.

    The hero_1 is now internally marked as expired, and until it is refreshed, it looks like if it didn't contain any data.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1:

  19. Print the hero_2 after committing the session.

    The hero_2 is now internally marked as expired, and until it is refreshed, it looks like if it didn't contain any data.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2:

  20. Print the hero_3 after committing the session.

    The hero_3 is now internally marked as expired, and until it is refreshed, it looks like if it didn't contain any data.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3:

  21. Print the line "After committing the session, show IDs".

    Generates the output:

    After committing the session, show IDs

  22. Print the hero_1.id. A lot happens here.

    Because we are accessing the attribute id of hero_1, SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) can detect that we are trying to access data from the hero_1.

    It then detects that hero_1 is currently associated with a session (because we added it to the session and committed it), and it is marked as expired.

    Then with the session, it uses the engine to execute all the SQL to fetch the data for this object from the database.

    Next it updates the object with the new data and marks it internally as "fresh" or "not expired".

    Finally, it makes the ID value available for the rest of the Python expression. In this case, the Python expression just prints the ID.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00017s] (1,)

Hero 1 ID: 1

  23. Print the hero_2.id.

    A lot happens here, all the same stuff that happened at point 22, but for this hero_2 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001245s ago] (2,)

Hero 2 ID: 2

  24. Print the hero_3.id.

    A lot happens here, all the same stuff that happened at point 22, but for this hero_3 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002215s ago] (3,)


Hero 3 ID: 3

  25. Print the line "After committing the session, show names".

    Generates the output:

    After committing the session, show names

  26. Print the hero_1.name.

    Because hero_1 is still fresh, no additional data is fetched, no additional SQL is executed, and the name is available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1 name: Deadpond

  27. Print the hero_2.name.

    Because hero_2 is still fresh, no additional data is fetched, no additional SQL is executed, and the name is available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2 name: Spider-Boy

  28. Print the hero_3.name.

    Because hero_3 is still fresh, no additional data is fetched, no additional SQL is executed, and the name is available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3 name: Rusty-Man

  29. Explicitly refresh the hero_1 object.

    The session will use the engine to execute the SQL necessary to fetch fresh data from the database for the hero_1 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00024s] (1,)

  30. Explicitly refresh the hero_2 object.

    The session will use the engine to execute the SQL necessary to fetch fresh data from the database for the hero_2 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001487s ago] (2,)

  31. Explicitly refresh the hero_3 object.

    The session will use the engine to execute the SQL necessary to fetch fresh data from the database for the hero_3 object.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002377s ago] (3,)

  32. Print the line "After refreshing the heroes".

    Generates the output:

    After refreshing the heroes

  33. Print the hero_1.

    Info

    Even if the hero_1 wasn't fresh, this would not trigger a refresh making the session use the engine to fetch data from the database because it is not accessing an attribute.

    Because the hero_1 is fresh it has all it's data available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'

  34. Print the hero_2.

    Info

    Even if the hero_2 wasn't fresh, this would not trigger a refresh making the session use the engine to fetch data from the database because it is not accessing an attribute.

    Because the hero_2 is fresh it has all it's data available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'

  35. Print the hero_3.

    Info

    Even if the hero_3 wasn't fresh, this would not trigger a refresh making the session use the engine to fetch data from the database because it is not accessing an attribute.

    Because the hero_3 is fresh it has all it's data available.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

  36. The with block ends here (there's no more indented code), so the session is closed, running all it's closing code.

    This includes doing a ROLLBACK of any possible transaction that could have been started.

    Generates the output:

    INFO Engine ROLLBACK

  37. Print the line "After the session closes".

    Generates the output:

    After the session closes

  38. Print the hero_1 after closing the session.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'

  39. Print the hero_2 after closing the session.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'

  40. Print the hero_3 after closing the session.

    Generates the output:

    Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

And here's all the output generated by running this program, all together:

$ python app.py

INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine PRAGMA main.table_info("hero")
INFO Engine [raw sql] ()
INFO Engine PRAGMA temp.table_info("hero")
INFO Engine [raw sql] ()
INFO Engine
CREATE TABLE hero (
        id INTEGER,
        name VARCHAR NOT NULL,
        secret_name VARCHAR NOT NULL,
        age INTEGER,
        PRIMARY KEY (id)
)


INFO Engine [no key 0.00018s] ()
INFO Engine COMMIT
Before interacting with the database
Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None
Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None
Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48
After adding to the session
Hero 1: id=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None
Hero 2: id=None name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None
Hero 3: id=None name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00022s] ('Deadpond', 'Dive Wilson', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001127s ago] ('Spider-Boy', 'Pedro Parqueador', None)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001483s ago] ('Rusty-Man', 'Tommy Sharp', 48)
INFO Engine COMMIT
After committing the session
Hero 1:
Hero 2:
Hero 3:
After committing the session, show IDs
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00029s] (1,)
Hero 1 ID: 1
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002132s ago] (2,)
Hero 2 ID: 2
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id AS hero_id, hero.name AS hero_name, hero.secret_name AS hero_secret_name, hero.age AS hero_age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.003367s ago] (3,)
Hero 3 ID: 3
After committing the session, show names
Hero 1 name: Deadpond
Hero 2 name: Spider-Boy
Hero 3 name: Rusty-Man
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00025s] (1,)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001583s ago] (2,)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002722s ago] (3,)
After refreshing the heroes
Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'
Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'
Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'
INFO Engine ROLLBACK
After the session closes
Hero 1: age=None id=1 name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson'
Hero 2: age=None id=2 name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador'
Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

Recap

You read all that! That was a lot! Have some cake, you earned it. 🍰

We discussed how the session uses the engine to send SQL to the database, to create data and to fetch data too. How it keeps track of "expired" and "fresh" data. At which moments it fetches data automatically (when accessing instance attributes) and how that data is synchronized between objects in memory and the database via the session.

If you understood all that, now you know a lot about SQLModel, SQLAlchemy, and how the interactions from Python with databases work in general.

If you didn't get all that, it's fine, you can always come back later to refresh the concepts.

I think this might be one of the main types of bugs that cause problems and makes you scratch your head. So, good job studying it! 💪